Pioneers Fill War Chest, Then Capitalize
Sun May 16,10:41 PM ET
By Thomas B. Edsall, Sarah Cohen and James V. Grimaldi, Washington Post
Staff Writers
AP
GREENSBORO, Ga. -- Joined by President Bush, Vice President Cheney and a
host of celebrities, hundreds of wealthy Republicans gathered at the
Ritz-Carlton Lodge here in the first weekend in April, not for a fundraiser
but for a celebration of fundraisers. It was billed as an "appreciation
weekend," and there was much to appreciate.
As Bush "Pioneers" who had raised at least $100,000 each for the president's
reelection campaign, or "Rangers" who had raised $200,000 each, the men and
women who shot skeet with Cheney, played golf with pros Ben Crenshaw and
Fuzzy Zoeller and laughed at the jokes of comedian Dennis Miller are the
heart of the most successful political money operation in the nation's
history. Since 1998, Bush has raised a record $296.3 million in campaign
funds, giving him an overwhelming advantage in running against Vice
President Al Gore and now Sen. John F. Kerry (D-Mass.). At least a third of
the total -- many sources believe more than half -- was raised by 631
people.
When four longtime supporters of George W. Bush in 1998 developed a name and
a structure for the elite cadre that the then-Texas governor would rely on
in his campaign for president, the goal was simple. They wanted to escape
the restraints of the public financing system that Congress had hoped would
mitigate the influence of money in electing a president. Their way to do it
was to create a network of people who could get at least 100 friends,
associates or employees to give the maximum individual donation allowed by
law to a presidential candidate: $1,000.
The Pioneers have evolved from an initial group of family, friends and
associates willing to bet on putting another Bush in the White House into an
extraordinarily organized and disciplined machine. It is now twice as big as
it was in 2000 and fueled by the desire of corporate CEOs, Wall Street
financial leaders, Washington lobbyists and Republican officials to outdo
each other in demonstrating their support for Bush and his administration's
pro-business policies.
"This is the most impressive, organized, focused and disciplined fundraising
operation I have ever been involved in," declared Dirk Van Dongen, president
of the National Association of Wholesaler-Distributors, who has been raising
money for GOP candidates since 1980. "They have done just about everything
right."
For achieving their fundraising goals, Pioneers receive a relatively modest
token, the right to buy a set of silver cuff links with an engraved Lone
Star of Texas (Rangers can buy a more expensive belt buckle set). Their real
reward is entree to the White House and the upper levels of the
administration.
Of the 246 fundraisers identified by The Post as Pioneers in the 2000
campaign, 104 -- or slightly more than 40 percent -- ended up in a job or an
appointment. A study by The Washington Post, partly using information
compiled by Texans for Public Justice, which is planning to release a
separate study of the Pioneers this week, found that 23 Pioneers were named
as ambassadors and three were named to the Cabinet: Donald L. Evans at the
Commerce Department, Elaine L. Chao at Labor and Tom Ridge at Homeland
Security. At least 37 Pioneers were named to postelection transition teams,
which helped place political appointees into key regulatory positions
affecting industry.
A more important reward than a job, perhaps, is access. For about one-fifth
of the 2000 Pioneers, this is their business -- they are lobbyists whose
livelihoods depend on the perception that they can get things done in the
government. More than half the Pioneers are heads of companies -- chief
executive officers, company founders or managing partners -- whose bottom
lines are directly affected by a variety of government regulatory and tax
decisions. When Kenneth L. Lay, for example, a 2000 Pioneer and then-chairman of Enron
Corp., was a member of the Energy Department transition team, he sent White
House personnel director Clay Johnson III a list of eight persons he
recommended for appointment to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Two
were named to the five-member commission.Lay had ties to Bush and his father, former president George H.W. Bush, and
was typical of the 2000 Pioneers. Two-thirds of them had some connection to
the Bush family or Bush himself -- from his days in college and business
school, his early oil wildcatting in West Texas, his partial ownership of
the Texas Rangers baseball team and the political machine he developed as
governor. "It's clearly the case that these networking operations have been the key
driving Bush fundraising," said Anthony Corrado, a visiting scholar at the
Brookings Institution and a political scientist at Colby College. "The fact
that we have great numbers of these individuals raising larger and larger
sums means there are going to be more individuals, postcampaign, making
claims for policy preferences and ambassadorial posts."
Asked whether the president gives any special preference to campaign
contributors in making decisions about policy, appointments or other
matters, White House spokesman Trent Duffy said, "Absolutely not." The
president, Duffy said, "bases his policy decisions on what's best for the
American people."
Pioneers interviewed for these articles were reluctant to discuss on the
record their contacts with the administration. "That's dead man's talk," one
said. The Bush campaign declined repeated requests to reveal the entire 2000
list of Pioneers, saying it is contained in computer files they can no
longer access.
Bush campaign spokesman Scott Stanzel said, "Our campaign enjoys support
from nearly 1 million contributors from every county in this nation. We're
proud of our broad-based support, and the Bush campaign has set the standard
for disclosure."
M. Teel Bivins, a rancher, Pioneer and member of the Texas Senate awaiting
confirmation as ambassador to Sweden, spoke more openly in an interview with
the BBC in 2001. "You wouldn't have direct access if you had spent two years
of your life working hard to get this guy elected president, raising
hundreds of thousands of dollars?" he said. "You dance with them what brung
ya."
For the 2004 election, the composition of the Pioneers has changed,
reflecting the broad support the Bush administration has given and received
from industries ranging from health care to energy.
Of the 246 known Pioneers from the 2000 election, about half -- 126 -- are
Pioneers or Rangers again. They are joined by 385 new Pioneers and Rangers
whose backgrounds are less from Texas and the Bush circle than from the
nation's business elite, particularly Wall Street and such major players as
Bear Stearns & Co. Inc., Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.; Goldman Sachs Group
Inc., Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc., Credit Suisse First Boston Inc. and Morgan
Stanley & Co. Inc.
The campaign's most productive Zip code this year is Manhattan's 10021: the
Upper East Side, bounded by Fifth Avenue, East 80th Street, East 61st Street
and the East River.
"This is the most successful political fundraising mechanism in the history
of politics, and it will be emulated by other candidates and campaigns in
the future," said Craig McDonald, executive director of Texans for Public
Justice, a public interest group that has tracked the Pioneer network for
five years.
First Goal: $50 Million
No candidate in recent history was better positioned than George W. Bush to
draw on so many disparate sources of wealth. The task for the four Bush
friends who met in Midland, Tex., in late 1998 -- Texas Republican
fundraiser and public relations specialist James B. Francis Jr., fundraiser
Jeanne Johnson Phillips, state Republican chairman Fred Meyer and Don Evans,
then a Texas oil man -- was to figure out how to capitalize on the extensive
network of rich and powerful people that the governor, his father, brothers,
uncles, grandfather and great-grandparents had built up over the past
century.
This account of the founding of the Pioneers is drawn from interviews with
three of the four participants.
Two wings of the family, the Bushes and the Walkers, had long been
entrenched in the industrial Midwest and on Wall Street. This establishment,
in turn, had produced the investors who had bankrolled the venture of George
H.W. Bush into the oil industry after World War II, his acquisition of
wealth through oil and his ascent to national prominence.
The 41st president had, in pursuing his own political ambitions, built up a
financial network that he in turn could pass on to two of his sons, George
W. and Jeb.
At the time of the 1998 Midland meeting, Evans, Phillips, Francis and Meyer
had the relatively modest goal of raising a minimum of $50 million to reject
public financing for the 2000 Republican primaries and to be free to spend
without limit until the summer nominating conventions.
Other Republicans had rejected public money for the primary season before,
in order to spend their own wealth. Bush, in contrast, was not going to use
his own money -- he was going to raise it from hundreds of thousands of
donors.
The early signs were favorable. For months, Bush's handlers had been
signaling that the Texas governor was ready to run for the White House. Big
givers, in turn, were promising support. The pledges posed two problems.
The first was that the Bush network was made up of men, and a scattering of
women, who were used to writing big checks. Donations to Bush's
gubernatorial campaigns, to the Republican National Committee (news - web
sites)'s "Team 100," to Jeb Bush's Florida Republican Party and to the
Bushes' earlier oil and baseball ventures had no contribution limits.
Transfers and gifts of $100,000 or more were commonplace within this
universe.
Federal elections, however, were different. A key provision of the 1974
Watergate reforms for the first time set a limit on individual contributions
to a presidential campaign: a relatively paltry $1,000.
"We had to turn these people into money raisers instead of money givers,"
Francis said in a recent interview -- to get them to do the dirty work of
politics, to make hundreds of calls to clients, subcontractors, to their
corporate subordinates, to their law partners and fellow lobbyists and plead
for cash.
Their problem can be illustrated by looking at the $41 million Bush had
collected for his two gubernatorial bids under rules allowing unlimited
contributions. If the same number of people had contributed under federal
campaign rules with a limit of just $1,000 each, Bush would have raised only
$14.3 million.
At the 1998 Midland meeting, the goal was to figure how to get "two steps
ahead" -- to use Meyer's phrase -- of the $1,000 contribution limit.
Francis came up with the idea of making it a competition. "We purposely set
the bar high," Francis said. "These are very successful, very competitive
people," and the requirement of raising at least $100,000 in contributions
of $1,000 or less was designed "to tap into their competitive instincts."
Not only would the fundraisers compete to make Pioneer, they would also vie
to see who could raise the most money, and, even more significantly, who
could recruit the largest number of other Pioneers.
The second problem was accountability. Fundraisers are notorious for making
extravagant promises and claiming credit for every name they recognize on a
donor list. "You can have an event that pulls in $3 million, and there will
be 20 guys each saying they raised $1 million," said a Republican fundraiser
who spoke under the condition of anonymity.
A system was needed to make certain there was no double or triple counting,
that when a check came in for $1,000, proper credit was given to the
fundraiser who had solicited the money.
Phillips proposed a solution: Every fundraiser would be assigned his or her
own four-digit tracking number. A Pioneer would get credit only for those
checks that arrived with the correct tracking number clearly printed on
them.
In addition, prospective Pioneers would have a direct line into the Bush
campaign finance offices. There they could routinely find out where they
stood, compared with the rest of the field. Every month, they would get
printouts of donations. Everyone assigned a number could check regularly to
see if their $1,000 pledges had been fulfilled.
Soon after the 1998 Midland strategy session, Francis, Evans, Phillips and
Meyer joined other campaign operatives in Dallas to put the plan to work.
The four reported directly to Karl Rove, Bush's principal political adviser.
Francis took charge of the Pioneer program. In addition to Bush family
members and friends, Francis had essentially four spheres of money to mine,
all of which overlapped at various points.
The first sphere was formed by the group of men who had repeatedly gambled
on George W. Bush as an entrepreneur, investing in failed Bush ventures in
the oil business and then joining Bush in the highly profitable acquisition
of the Texas Rangers baseball team. The Rangers made millions for Bush and
his partners.
The second sphere was made up of the Texas political elite and business
community that supported him as governor. Many were involved in the energy
industry. Others sought tighter restrictions on lawsuits against
corporations and physicians. Gov. Bush had won approval of state legislation
favorable to both of these constituencies.
The third sphere was made up of the Republican financial elite with strong
ties to Bush's father, the 41st president.
During the Nixon and Ford administrations, the senior Bush had cemented
alliances on crucial fronts, serving in top posts at the United Nations ,
the Republican National Committee and the Central Intelligence Agency. More
importantly, during three runs for the presidency, two terms as vice
president and one as president, the elder Bush had cultivated and
assiduously maintained a national base of major donors and fundraisers. Many
were ready and willing to support his son -- including some of the 252
members of the Republican National Committee's "Team 100," each of whom had
given the party at least $100,000.
The importance of this legacy to George W. Bush is clearly reflected in the
composition of the 246 men and women who would become Pioneers in 2000. At
least 60 -- 24 percent -- had been supporters of Bush's father in the 1980
or 1988 campaigns.
The fourth sphere was composed of the supporters of Bush's fellow Republican
governors, most importantly those of his brother, Jeb Bush in Florida. By
November 1999, well before any primaries or caucuses had been held, George
W. Bush already had the endorsements of 26 of 30 GOP governors.
The Bush campaign tapped these sources to raise a then-record $96.3 million
for the primaries in 2000, far outdistancing Democrat Gore's $49.5 million.
Both candidates received $68 million in public financing for the general
election campaign.
In 2002, Congress enacted the McCain-Feingold bill banning contributions to
political parties of what is known as "soft money" -- unlimited donations
from corporations, unions or the wealthy. Instead, the legislation raised
the "hard money" limit on contributions to candidates from $1,000 to $2,000.
"The organization of the Pioneers and Rangers is significant, and it is the
way of the future," said Ken Goldstein, a University of Wisconsin political
scientist. "People with Rolodexes and the ability to raise money have always
been valuable, but with the passage of McCain-Feingold, they have become
especially valuable. . . . [T]he ability to get friends, colleagues and
business associates to give the maximum hard money amount is now even more
valuable."
With soft money banned, the 2004 Bush campaign has greatly expanded the
Pioneer program, setting a new record of more than $200 million raised so
far. This year, Kerry, the presumptive Democratic nominee, followed Bush's
lead and rejected public financing for his primary campaign, fearing he
would be crushed by the Bush organization if he were forced to abide by the
$45 million spending limits that accompany public financing. Kerry recently
released a list of 182 people who have each raised a minimum of $50,000,
helping to bring his total to at least $110 million.
The Democrats are increasingly relying on independent groups known as 527s,
after their designation in the tax code. They currently raise unlimited
funds for political ads that have been used to attack Bush. Two prominent
examples are the Media Fund and Moveon.org. Financier George Soros and Peter
B. Lewis, chairman of the Progressive Corp., have each given more than $7
million to these organizations.
For the general election campaign, Bush and Kerry are accepting public
money; each will get $75 million.
Until the conventions this summer, Bush can enjoy his spending advantage
over Kerry, saturating the airwaves with ads that help to define Kerry,
particularly in the battleground states.
The Bush reelection campaign is currently riding a wave of Wall Street money
and has consolidated the Republican establishment with the backing of
prominent Washington lobbyists and trade association executives. They are
not only highly effective fundraisers themselves but also their client and
membership lists include some of the most regulated, and most politically
active, corporations in every state.
At least 64 Rangers and Pioneers are lobbyists, including Jack Abramoff, who
until recently specialized in representing Indian tribes with gambling
interests; Kirk Blalock, whose clients include Fannie Mae, the Health
Insurance Association of America, and the Business Roundtable; Jack N.
Gerard, president of the National Mining Association; and Lanny Griffith,
whose clients include the American Trucking Associations, Brown & Williamson
Tobacco Corp., the Southern Co., a major energy concern, and State Street
Corp.
On Track to Appointments
Big donors, Republican and Democrat, have always received benefits from the
administrations that received their largess. Bill Clinton brought big donors
into the White House and let them sleep in the Lincoln bedroom and appointed
some to government jobs.
The Bush campaign's innovation in the late 1990s was to institutionalize
what other administrations had done more informally, which is to create a
special class of donors that can be singled out from the pack and tracked
with precision. Some of their transactions with the administration can also
be tracked.
Sometimes the interests of Pioneers are relayed in subtle, indirect ways,
through members of Congress or Republican leaders, especially in the case of
major administration bills enacted since Bush took office: three bills
granting tax relief to the wealthy and to corporations, the 2003 Medicare
bill supported by the drug industry and other major health lobbies, and
pending legislation providing tax breaks and regulatory relief to the energy
sector.
At another level, requests for tickets to an event, such as a White House
party, are likely to be more overt than the nuanced approach needed to get
on the radar for a presidential appointment.
"It is noticed that you are doing extra work and you have a lot of friends
in the administration," said Rep. Jennifer Dunn (R-Wash.), a Pioneer who was
considered for a presidential appointment. Her son, Reagan Dunn, was hired
by the Justice Department, and her new husband, E. Keith Thomson, was
appointed last year as the director of the Office of Trade Relations. "A lot
[of Pioneers] have a particular interest and you have lots of contacts, and
you say, 'I'd like to sign up to be an ambassador when one comes along.' "
The Pioneer tracking system ensures that hard work gets noticed. That's why
Rep. Rob Portman (R-Ohio) signed up this year. He read that Dunn, Speaker
J. Dennis Hastert (R-Ill.), and others were Pioneers. Portman had already
raised money, "but I didn't have a tracking number. I finally decided to get
one. I wanted to be supportive, and be viewed as supportive."
Critics complain that the Pioneer and Ranger program allows the campaign to
track those who raise big money while cloaking details about them from the
public; campaigns are required to report the names of the individual donors,
but not the fundraisers who solicit the donations.
"The campaign is tracking them and giving them credit -- and supposedly all
the access and influence that comes with huge campaign contributions," said
McDonald of Texans for Public Justice. He said the Bush campaign has never
released a complete list of Pioneers and Rangers with the specific amounts
of money they have raised. Once, in response to a lawsuit, campaign
officials said that such a list was not available.
"It is unbelievable that the most successful fundraising list in the history
of politics has been misplaced," McDonald said.
Gary C. Jacobson, a University of California at San Diego political
scientist who specializes in campaign finance, said the Pioneer program "is
a way of allowing individuals to accumulate political clout despite the fact
that contribution limits are relatively low."
"You can no longer give $100,000 and be an ambassador, but you might be able
to raise that amount and accumulate the same kind of political debt,"
Jacobson said.
Nancy Goodman Brinker, one of the 23 Pioneers from the 2000 campaign who
became an ambassador, said she does not remember exactly when or who first
brought up a diplomatic appointment. She said it "seemed to evolve" after
someone asked her whether she wanted to serve. The next thing she knew, she
was talking to Clay Johnson in the White House personnel office about her
choices. "One of the reasons why I chose and asked to be placed in
Budapest," Brinker said at her Senate confirmation hearing, "was because I
think there's been an amazing story of loyalty by this country."
Brinker said one of her primary concerns, before accepting the nomination,
was her parents, who are in their eighties. The presidential personnel team
works with a potential nominee to find a good fit, which she called
"matching talent with interests." She knew George W. Bush from his days in
Texas, where she founded the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, named
for her sister who died of breast cancer.
"There were discussions where your talents fit in which country," Brinker
said. "I specifically did not want to go -- I could not -- be farther than a
10-hour plane ride because of my [elderly] parents. I wanted to be in the
European continent somewhere, particularly a country like this, where I
thought I could try to make some kind of difference."
Patronage decisions for Pioneers and other friends of the president are made
largely by Rove, the White House senior political adviser, and Andrew H.
Card Jr., the chief of staff, in consultation with the Office of
Presidential Personnel, which handles the vetting process, according to
senior Republicans who would speak only on the condition of anonymity. Any
donor who wants to be considered for a major job must indicate interest to
one of those two men, the Republicans said.
These Republicans acknowledged that finance issues were taken into account,
but said there were instances of donors being disappointed and people
getting plum positions who had done little to help the campaign treasury.
In making decisions immediately after the election, Rove consulted Jack
Oliver, a trusted insider in Bush's political family who managed the
fundraising effort for both of his presidential campaigns. Oliver's main
function was to tell Rove "what people had really done" to raise money, one
of the senior Republicans said. Now, such decisions are made entirely within
the White House, the official said, and Rove and Card also have sway over
lesser favors, and "scrub the lists" of invitations to White House holiday
parties.
"I can call Karl, and I can call about half of the Cabinet, and they will
either take the call or call back," said one lobbyist Ranger, who described
such access as "my bread and butter" and spoke only on the condition of
anonymity. He and others noted that going to top officials in either the
White House or in Cabinet departments is only used as a last resort on
important issues and not always with success.
"It's much better to start with an assistant secretary or the White House
public liaison office. Those people know who you are and can usually deal
with the issue," another Ranger said. "You don't seek out the maitre d'
unless you really need to."
Several major fundraisers in the lobbying community complained that as the
election approaches, Rove has become a "little gun-shy" when dealing with
association executives and lobbyists, fearful that his involvement with any
special interest might produce adverse publicity.
"It's different now that we are in campaign mode," the lobbyist said. "Karl
doesn't even want to be involved in courtesy visits [with clients]. 'Don't
bring this to my office,' he'll say. He's been snakebitten" because of past
controversies over his alleged involvement with groups seeking special
favors, especially decisions involving steel import tariffs.
In response to questions about his contacts with Pioneers and Rangers, Rove
said, "I talk to a wide variety of people, members of the campaign from the
grass roots on up. . . . It's part of my job to keep an open ear to what
people are saying around the county."
White House sources said that if anyone refers to fundraising while seeking
something from the administration, the policy is to then "vet" the request
with the White House counsel's office to make sure no regulations or laws
are being violated.
Commerce Secretary Evans also plays a key role. "Evans acts as a kind of
court of appeals . . . everybody knows that Evans is one of the president's
best friends. So he can be very effective intervening for you with just
about any department," one fundraiser-lobbyist said.
This lobbyist described the following situations as the type in which Evans
can effectively help: "Say you've got a bunch of telecom companies that are
frozen out of doing business in Russia, and [the] State [Department] won't
do anything, or your sugar people can't get a fair hearing at USTR [the
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative] in negotiations with Mexico. . . .
[Evans] can make them stop and listen. He can get something unstuck."
Evans was the one fellow Pioneer Ken Lay turned to in desperation in the
fall of 2001, when Enron spiraled toward bankruptcy. Lay wanted help with
the company's credit rating, but Enron was in too much trouble, and Evans
was unable to oblige.
For 2004: Super Rangers
Last month at the Ritz-Carlton Lodge on Lake Oconee, after the golf and the
entertainment and a reception with Bush for the elite Rangers, the
"appreciation" of the campaign's leading fundraisers gave way, inevitably,
to a business meeting.
On a bright Saturday morning, more than 300 of Bush's Pioneers and Rangers
eschewed the links to gather in a windowless conference room. Sipping
imported mineral water and coffee, Wall Street mingled with Texas.
A Post reporter walked into the session, which the campaign described later
as an event closed to the media. The speakers "were under the belief that
they were speaking privately with our contributors," campaign communications
director Nicolle Devenish said.
There they learned that the Rangers would soon lose their top status, just
as the Pioneers had before them. Raising $200,000 was a starting point, they
were told. But to qualify as a "Super Ranger," they would have to raise an
additional $300,000 for the Republican National Committee, where the
individual contribution limit is $25,000.
"The name of the game is maxing out the dollars," Oliver told the gathering.
As the Super Ranger notion was unveiled, attendees shifted in their seats.
Some looked up eagerly, but others demurred. "The rest of us, who don't have
members or clients with deep enough pockets to come up with $25,000 said,
'Oh, [expletive],' " said one attendee who asked to remain anonymous.
To reach the new goals, Travis Thomas, the Bush-Cheney finance director,
explained to the gathered Rangers and Pioneers how they could hold
fundraisers in their homes featuring an appearance by the president that
would bring in $2 million to $3 million in bundled contributions. Private
homes, he pointed out, are more comfortable for the president.
And, Thomas added, "If it is in a private residence, it can be closed to the
press."
Staff writer Mike Allen and researcher Alice Crites contributed to this
report.